Transparency

Openness and transparency could only happen if the leaders run it persistently. Leaders instill this commitment into organizational communication with stakeholders. Leadership in transparency management of public information became an important part, such as the view of (Price, 2003) stated that "leadership was the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for mutual objectives (leadership is Activities to influence people in order to strive willingly to achieve common objectives". In that definition the leader relates to one person, affecting the other's sides in the group concerned. Besides that, the influence arises from the relationship of leaders with their subordinates into interaction reciprocally.

According to Yukl leadership was the process of influencing others to understand and agree with what needs to be done, and how the task is done effectively, as well as the process to facilitate individual and collective efforts to achieve Common goals. Meanwhile, Robbins and Coulter define a leader as someone who can influence others and has managerial authority while leadership was what the leader does. Leadership is the process of leading a group and influencing the group in achieving its objectives.

Leadership was an interpersonal influence in certain situations and directly through the process of communication to achieve one or more specific objectives. While according to Koontz and O'Donnell leadership was an effort to influence communities to take a participation in reaching a targeted goal or achievement. Robbins stated that leadership is the ability to affect a group in reaching a goal. A leader has a goal to accomplish leadership practices. According to Terry, leadership comes from a complex relationship consisting of leaders, led parties, concerned organizations and social values, as well as economic and political conditions.

According to Oliver, organization leaders were committed to the process of collecting information and its metric systems. Commitments also run in talks and attitudes with the enforcement of transparency guidelines, ethical work in a fast and decisive manner. In addition, the commitment of leadership is demonstrated by the standards held by the top of the leadership in the documentation and communication process, and in this case the public information governance metric can also be included. According to Davis stated that "information is data that has been processed into a meaningful form for its recipients and is beneficial for current or future decision making". Information is a collection of data that is processed into a more useful and more meaningful form for the receiving.

Assegaf and Katharina stated that "in fact, the right to obtain information is the right that the public has to acquire or access information maintained by the state. It encourages governments to develop legislation governing information that is accessible to the public. Information is said to be public information i.e. if information managed by a country other than information about a person or private legal entity is not a State property, but the community belongs to it". Information is not only just a description provided by a person or by a public agency such as data, facts, news, or information that has been processed as well as to have important meaning but also value for a person or organization. Cole and Bruch and Makhdum and Sanusi stated that information was a collecting or managing data to give knowledge and curiosity for the public. While ACT KIP defines information as a notification, statement, idea, and values pattern, meaning as well as messages bot of data, fact, and explanation that can be seen, listened and read. These explanations should be included and presented in various formats bases on the development of information technology and communication both of electronic and non-electronic.

Information and data are two different things, so sometimes there is confusion in understanding them. The difference in information and data i.e. information is data that has been processed, formed, or manipulated according to specific requirements while data is a fact that has been written in the form of notes or recorded into various forms of media. The same opinion expressed by Indrajit stated that "information is the result of data processing that in principle has more value when compared to raw data. Data can be said to have an information value if it can affect someone's behavior". Useful information depends on several factors that affect the recipient's goal, the accuracy of delivery and data processing, time, space and place, form (effectiveness, relationship required, tendencies) and areas that require the attention of the organization, as well as public agency leadership, and suitability with the purpose.

Davis stated that information is data that has been processed into a meaningful form for its recipients and is beneficial in making current or future decisions. Information reduces uncertainty, is able to change the possible outcomes expected in a decision situation and it has value in the decision process. The relationships are between data and information is similar to raw materials that become finished goods. Figure 1 below explains the relationship between data and information.

Figure 1. From Data Transformation to Information

Figure 2 shows how the data processing system becomes information. The value of information relates to a decision, if there is no decision then the information becomes useless. The value of information is depicted in the context of a decision. In addition, data acts as a raw material of information. Davis (2013) stated that data is a bunch of regular symbols representing the quantity, action, objects and so on.

Figure 2. From Data Management to Information

Transparency is an open policy for supervision, while the information relates to every aspect of government policy that can be reached by the public. According to Tahir information disclosure is expected to produce healthy, tolerant, and policy competition based on public preference. This principle itself has 2 aspects, namely (1) public communication by the Government (2) community rights to the access of information. Transparency should be balanced with the confidentiality of the Agency and information that may affect the privacy rights of individuals. Government generates large amounts of data, which are required by professional information officers.

Information is a source of life in an increasingly transparent world. Information is growing rapidly and the whole layer of society can access easily and unlimited. The Information-Transparency Cycle (I-T Cycle) consists of self-regulating, self-funded, and answers to no superior power. The transparency of information cycles has become an important part of information development in the world. More information can be disseminated to the public and can be accessed quickly. The information transparency cycle is jointly part of the industry, the economy, and the human way of life. Currently, the information transparency cycle is the fuel and the main mechanism of modern life. Figure 3 explains the information transparency cycle.

Figure 3. Information Transparency Cycle

Figure 3 above shows that information transparency cycles, and according to Oliver they can be classified as follows:

1. Information collected directly on almost every subject or activity.
2. Information is easily compiled, examined, analysed, researched, filtered, refined, prioritized, studied, stored, and manipulated.
3. Information is directly and cost-effectively distributed to the individuals or organizations globally.
4. Direct reaction to what is or what is missing.
5. More information is requested, so more information is gathered.

Public information is information provided, created and maintained by the Government. Such information belongs to the community entrusted to the Government to implement itself. In accordance with the public information, under ACT KIP, this type of information is generated, stored, managed, transmitted, and/or received by a public agency, related to the organizer, the state, other public agencies appointed by the law, as well as other information relating to the public interest.