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  • Republic (Plato)
    COURSE INTRODUCTION
    Course Syllabus
    Unit 1: Murder, Morality, and the Value of Human Life
    1.1: Metaethics, Normative Ethics, and Applied Ethics
    Major Ethical Systems
    1.2: Investigating Our Moral Intuitions
    Ethics for Complete Beginners: Part 1
    1.3: From Moral Intuitions to Moral Principles and Back Again
    Reflective Equilibrium
    1.4: Consequentialist Ethics and Bentham's Utilitarianism
    Issues of Utilitarian Ethics
    R v Dudley and Stephens
    Utilitarianism
    Jeremy Bentham: Of the Principle of Utility
    Ethics for Complete Beginners: Part 6
    1.5: Pitfalls of Consequentialist Ethics and Mill's Utilitarianism
    Utilitarianism: The Greater Good
    Ethics for Complete Beginners: Part 6 con't
    John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism
    1.6: Alternatives to Consequentialist Ethics
    Major Ethical Perspectives
    Deontological Ethics
    Joseph M. Magee's "St. Thomas Aquinas on the Natural Law"
    Saint Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica: Part I-II (Pars Prima Secundae), Question 94, Articles 4-6
    Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham City Jail"
    Unit 1 Assessment
    Unit 1 Assessment
    Unit 2: Rights, the State, and the Free Market
    2.1: Individual and the State: Plato's Crito
    Socratic Citizenship: Plato and Crito
    Theory of Forms
    Republic (Plato)
    Plato's Republic
    Plato: The State and the Soul
    Plato: Education and the Value of Justice
    2.2: Libertarianism as an Alternative Approach to the Question of Rights
    Introduction to Adam Smith
    Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
    Milton Friedman
    Milton Friedman and Human Flourishing
    Taxes in American History
    Robert Nozick
    Anarchy, State, and Utopia
    2.3: John Locke and Fundamental Individual Rights
    Excerpts from Locke's Second Treatise on Government
    Democratic Values: Liberty, Equality, Justice
    Locke: Social Order
    John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government: Chapters 1-5
    Why Do We Obey the Law?
    John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government: "Chapters 8-11"
    John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government: "Chapters 18 and 19"
    Unit 2 Discussion
    Unit 2 Discussion
    Unit 2 Assessment
    Unit 2 Assessment
    Unit 3: Morality, Markets, and Immanuel Kant
    3.1: The Morality of the Market
    How Economists Helped End the Military Draft
    Michael Sandel on Markets and Morals
    3.2: The Morality of Surrogate Motherhood: The Case of Baby M
    International Surrogacy Forum: The Free Market Approach
    Kyle R. Wood's "In the Matter of Baby M., 109 N.J. 396 (1988)"
    Baby M
    3.3: Humans Organs as Commodities
    Ethical Controversies in Organ Transplantation
    3.4: Grounding Moral Action in Rational Principles: Immanuel Kant
    Ethics for Complete Beginners: Part 5
    Deontology
    Immanuel Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals: Preface and First Section
    Kantian Ethics
    3.5: Kant's Metaphysics of Morals
    Immanuel Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals: Second Section and Third Section
    Lying to Ourselves
    Immanuel Kant: The Duties of the Categorical Imperative
    Unit 3 Discussion
    Unit 3 Discussion
    Unit 3 Discussion
    Unit 3 Assessment
    Unit 3 Assessment
    Unit 4: John Rawls' Theory of Justice
    4.1: Social Contract Theory in Historical Focus: Thomas Hobbes
    Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan: Chapters 13-15
    The Sovereign State: Hobbes' Leviathan
    Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan: Chapters 17-18
    Contract & Commonwealth: Thomas Hobbes
    Locke versus Hobbes
    4.2: Social Contract Theory without the Contract: John Rawls
    Hobbes' Dilemma
    John Rawls on Just War
    John Rawls' A Theory of Justice
    What is Justice?
    John Rawls' A Theory of Justice
    4.3: The Question of Distributive Justice
    The Economics of Inequality and Childhood Education
    Restorative Justice
    The Restorative Justice System: An Alternative to the Official Criminal System
    Journalist's Resource: "U.S. Income Inequality Highest Since the Great Depression"
    Affirmative Action 'In Action': The Case of Northern Ireland
    United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit: Cheryl J. Hopwood v. State of Texas
    The Supreme Court of the United States: Grutter v. Bollinger
    Race, Racism and the Law: Fran Lisa Buntman's "Race, Reputation, and the Supreme Court"
    Racial Profiling
    Unit 4 Discussion
    Unit 4 Discussion
    Unit 4 Discussion
    Unit 4 Assessment
    Unit 4 Assessment
    Unit 5: Ethics and Politics of Virtue
    5.1: Aristotle as a Champion of Merit-Based Justice
    Aristotle's Ethics Book II
    Overview of Aristotle's "Politics"
    Aristotle's Politics: Book One
    5.2: Justice Is Respect for Virtue
    A Romp Through Ethics for Complete Beginners: Part 3
    5.3: Virtue vs. Disability: The Case of Casey Martin
    The Supreme Court of the United States: PGA Tour, Inc. v. Casey Martin
    Two Kinds of Intellectual Virtue
    Aristotle's Politics: Book Three
    5.4: Constrained Freedom: Justice within the Bounds of a Community
    A Romp Through Ethics for Complete Beginners: Part 7
    Alasdair MacIntyre
    Virtue Ethics
    The Igbo Indigenous Justice System
    5.5: Justice, the Good, and the Problem of Agreement
    Same Sex Marriage
    The Supreme Court of the United States: Lawrence v. Texas
    5.6: Cultural Relativism
    Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism
    5.7: Existentialist Ethics
    Nietzsche on Power, Knowledge, and Morality
    The Ethics of Absolute Freedom
    5.8: The Relation between Morality and the Law
    Ethics vs Morals
    Unit 5 Discussion
    Unit 5 Discussion
    Unit 5 Assessment
    Unit 5 Assessment
    Study Guide
    PHIL103 Study Guide
    Course Feedback Survey
    Course Feedback Survey
    Certificate Final Exam
    PHIL103: Certificate Final Exam
    Saylor Direct Credit
    Archived Materials
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  • Communication
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  • Philosophy
  • Catalyst IT Test
  • Business Administration
  • Computer Science
  • English as a Second Language
Professional Development
  • General Knowledge for Teachers
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  • Biology
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  • Mathematics
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Table of contents

  • Introduction
  • Structure
    • Book I
    • Book II
    • Book III
    • Book IV
    • Book V
    • Book VI
    • Book VII
    • Book VIII
    • Book IX
    • Book X
  • Topics
    • Definition of justice
    • Theory of universals
    • Dialectical forms of government
  1. PHIL103: Moral and Political Philosophy
  2. Unit 2: Rights, the State, and the Free Market
  3. 2.1: Individual and the State: Plato's Crito
  4. Republic (Plato)

Republic (Plato)

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Completion requirements

Read this summary of Plato's Republic. Pay particular attention to the summary of Books 6,7, and 8; the Theory of Universals; to the definition of justice; and to the Ideal City. What are the four types of government which Plato rejects, and why does he reject them?

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Saylor Academy © 2010-2025 except as otherwise noted. Excluding course final exams, content authored by Saylor Academy is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Third-party materials are the copyright of their respective owners and shared under various licenses. See detailed licensing information. Saylor Academy®, Saylor.org®, and Harnessing Technology to Make Education Free® are trade names of the Constitution Foundation, a 501(c)(3) organization through which our educational activities are conducted.