Examples

Basic usage

// Numbers
typeof 37 === 'number';
typeof 3.14 === 'number';
typeof 42 === 'number';
typeof Math.LN2 === 'number';
typeof Infinity === 'number';
typeof NaN === 'number'; // Despite being "Not-A-Number"
typeof Number('1') === 'number';      // Number tries to parse things into numbers
typeof Number('shoe') === 'number';   // including values that cannot be type coerced to a number

typeof 42n === 'bigint';

// Strings
typeof '' === 'string';
typeof 'bla' === 'string';
typeof `template literal` === 'string';
typeof '1' === 'string'; // note that a number within a string is still typeof string
typeof (typeof 1) === 'string'; // typeof always returns a string
typeof String(1) === 'string'; // String converts anything into a string, safer than toString

// Booleans
typeof true === 'boolean';
typeof false === 'boolean';
typeof Boolean(1) === 'boolean'; // Boolean() will convert values based on if they're truthy or falsy
typeof !!(1) === 'boolean'; // two calls of the ! (logical NOT) operator are equivalent to Boolean()

// Symbols
typeof Symbol() === 'symbol'
typeof Symbol('foo') === 'symbol'
typeof Symbol.iterator === 'symbol'

// Undefined
typeof undefined === 'undefined';
typeof declaredButUndefinedVariable === 'undefined';
typeof undeclaredVariable === 'undefined';

// Objects
typeof { a: 1 } === 'object';

// use Array.isArray or Object.prototype.toString.call
// to differentiate regular objects from arrays
typeof [1, 2, 4] === 'object';

typeof new Date() === 'object';
typeof /regex/ === 'object'; // See Regular expressions section for historical results

// The following are confusing, dangerous, and wasteful. Avoid them.
typeof new Boolean(true) === 'object';
typeof new Number(1) === 'object';
typeof new String('abc') === 'object';

// Functions
typeof function () {} === 'function';
typeof class C {} === 'function';
typeof Math.sin === 'function';


typeof null

// This stands since the beginning of JavaScript
typeof null === 'object';

In the first implementation of JavaScript, JavaScript values were represented as a type tag and a value. The type tag for objects was 0. null was represented as the NULL pointer (0x00 in most platforms). Consequently, null had 0 as type tag, hence the typeof return value "object". (reference)

A fix was proposed for ECMAScript (via an opt-in), but was rejected. It would have resulted in typeof null === 'null'.


Using new operator

// All constructor functions, with the exception of the Function constructor, will always be typeof 'object'
const str = new String('String');
const num = new Number(100);

typeof str; // It will return 'object'
typeof num; // It will return 'object'

const func = new Function();

typeof func; // It will return 'function'


Need for parentheses in Syntax

The typeof operator has higher precedence than binary operators like addition (+). Therefore, parentheses are needed to evaluate the type of an addition result.

// Parentheses can be used for determining the data type of expressions.
const someData = 99;

typeof someData + ' Wisen'; // 'number Wisen'
typeof (someData + ' Wisen'); // 'string'


Regular expressions

Callable regular expressions were a non-standard addition in some browsers.

typeof /s/ === 'function'; // Chrome 1-12 Non-conform to ECMAScript 5.1
typeof /s/ === 'object';   // Firefox 5+  Conform to ECMAScript 5.1


Errors

typeof is generally always guaranteed to return a string for any operand it is supplied with. Even with undeclared identifiers, typeof will return 'undefined' instead of throwing an error.

However, using typeof on lexical declarations (let const, and class) in the same block before the line of declaration will throw a ReferenceError. Block scoped variables are in a temporal dead zone from the start of the block until the initialization is processed, during which it will throw an error if accessed.

typeof undeclaredVariable === 'undefined';

typeof newLetVariable; // ReferenceError
typeof newConstVariable; // ReferenceError
typeof newClass; // ReferenceError

let newLetVariable;
const newConstVariable = 'hello';
class newClass{}


Exceptions

All current browsers expose a non-standard host object document.all with type undefined. 

typeof document.all === 'undefined';

Although the specification allows custom type tags for non-standard exotic objects, it requires those type tags to be different from the predefined ones. The case of document.all having type 'undefined' is classified in the web standards as a "willful violation" of the original ECMA JavaScript standard.


Custom method that gets a more specific type

typeof is very useful, but it's not as versatile as might be required. For example, typeof [] , is 'object', as well as typeof new Date(), typeof /abc/, etc.

For greater specificity in checking types, here we present a custom type(value) function, which mostly mimics the behavior of typeof, but for non-primitives (i.e. objects and functions), it returns a more granular type name where possible.

function type(value) {
  if (value === null) {
    return "null";
  }
  const baseType = typeof value;
  // Primitive types
  if (!["object", "function"].includes(baseType)) {
    return baseType;
  }

  // Symbol.toStringTag often specifies the "display name" of the
  // object's class. It's used in Object.prototype.toString().
  const tag = value[Symbol.toStringTag];
  if (typeof tag === "string") {
    return tag;
  }

  // If it's a function whose source code starts with the "class" keyword
  if (
    baseType === "function" &&
    Function.prototype.toString.call(value).startsWith("class")
  ) {
    return "class";
  }

  // The name of the constructor; for example `Array`, `GeneratorFunction`,
  // `Number`, `String`, `Boolean` or `MyCustomClass`
  const className = value.constructor.name;
  if (typeof className === "string" && className !== "") {
    return className;
  }

  // At this point there's no robust way to get the type of value,
  // so we use the base implementation.
  return baseType;
}

For checking non-existent variables that would otherwise throw a ReferenceError, use typeof nonExistentVar === 'undefined'.