| General English | General Academic Vocabulary | Discipline‑Specific Vocabulary |
|---|---|---|
| galaxy | interactions | Whirlpool Galaxy |
| disk | simulate | M51 |
| spiral | structure | NGC 5195 |
| dwarf | study | radio astronomy |
| data | expand | electromagnetic spectrum |
| telescope | analysis | cosmology |
| images | formation | cosmologists |
| present | composition | dark matter |
| past | contrast | dark energy |
| future | model | redshift |
| space | evidence | star systems |
| time | concept | gas and dust |
| learn | define |
